Comparing routing predictions: travel time estimates and user accountability in navigation apps

How are travel times displayed by different navigation apps? Do the way in which these work differ for different modes of transportation? We found unexpected divergence in the way travel time is displayed both between apps and within apps, when conducting testing on travel routing apps in Vienna. As a result, this paper will provide a brief overview of how travel times are displayed by commonly used apps in
Vienna and how these differ. In conclusion, we will suggest different avenues for additional research based on these findings and illustrate the challenges of user accountability associated with these apps.