Services Exacted Instead of Compulsory Military Service - On the Structure of the 'Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labour' According to Article 4(2) ECHR

Academic writing on the prohibition of "forced or compulsory labour" according to Article 4(2) ECHR is scarce; a fact which may well indicate that this provision does not pose major prob-lems, scholarly as well as practically. Such an assessment, this is obvious, would prove to be quite naïve. A closer look at the provision, moreover, reveals a quite singular structure in need of further analysis. To undertake this in the light of the case law the subject has generated is the object of the following article which concludes that the common understanding of Article 4(2) and (3) ECHR in academia is based on a misconception.